Interactions of plants with non-pathogenic bacteria can trigger induced systemic resistance
In contrast to SAR, which occurs as a consequence of actual pathogen infection, induced systemic resistance (ISR) is activated by nonpathogenic microbes (Figure 2.24). Colonialization of the root zone by rhizobacteria, for example, not only stimulates the formation of root nodules, but also initiates a signaling cascade throughout the plant. As a consequence of this signaling cascade, which involves JA and ethylene, protective measures are activated throughout the plant, resulting in an enhanced mode of preparedness against pathogen attack. This form of systemic defense activation does not involve salicylic acid as a signaling compound and does not induce the accumulation of typical PR proteins. While certain defensive measures are immediately put in place by ISR, other defensive responses are initiated only after actual pathogen infection, resulting in a faster and stronger response. The advantage of this defensive strategy lies in reducing the direct investment of resources in defensive measures, which would otherwise affect the performance of the plant, resulting, for example, in reduced growth and yield.