Abstract
Insecticide use is steadily increasing in the United States. Of these, the insecticide Sevin™ has the active ingredient carbaryl, which is a xenobiotic. This is a reverse inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, which prevents nerve excitation causing paralysis and death in insects. Though insects are the target species, carbaryl has many routes of exposure such as run-off, inhalation, and physical contact making it easy to encounter for non-target species like aquatic life and humans. Carbaryl has been studied within in vitro models to test its effects on zebrafish. The insecticide has already been shown to act on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) pathway, but it also has potential to act on a second pathway: the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. Zebrafish genes and genetic pathways are homologous to humans, allowing for insight on how carbaryl could be affecting humans as well. This study set out to use an in vivo model to show how carbaryl is inducing cytochrome P450 or other AhR pathway gene expression. Gene expression of carbaryl treated embryos were compared to untreated embryos to examine this possible relationship. Cyp1a and cyp1b gene expression was increased with an increase in carbaryl concentration suggesting that carbaryl may be causing induction of the AhR pathway.
Low levels of acetylcholine are associated with memory issues and muscle disorders. Cholinesterase inhibitors are used to treat Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis. The benefits of a choline supplement have yet to be fully determined
The resulting accumulation of ACh causes symptoms such as cramps, increased salivation, lacrimation, muscular weakness, paralysis, fasciculations, diarrhea, and blurry vision
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand‑activated transcription factor originally isolated and characterized as the dioxin or xenobiotic receptor. With the discovery of endogenous ligands and studies of AhR knockout mice, AhR has been found to serve an important role in several biological processes, including immune responses and developmental and pathological regulation. In particular, it has been considered as a new major player in cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have revealed that the development of atherosclerosis is closely associated with AhR function. However, the roles of the AhR in the pathological development of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis‑associated diseases remain unclear. The current review presents the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of AhR expression during inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid deposition. Additionally, the role of the AhR in atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis‑associated diseases is reviewed.
residue are not necessarly on the leaf they could be for part absorded by the plant, so not sure about washing the plant.
not sure i personnally would risk it with that product after diggin a little around it, actually we lack actual studies to be 100% sure it's safe or not when used in that context.
