As a former employer from MA, yes. This will change eventually with all the different legalization dominoes set in order, but the key word there is, eventually.
For now, any real company, would have cause to terminate you. In the state of MA (back in 02-14) it could be effective upon receipt of results. Ironically, the reason companies have cause to terminate you, on site, for an offense such as this, is because federal legality has not been revisited. They are now aware you are breaking federal law, not company policy.
A company could also choose not to terminate you for it. It's their prerogative. But companies like that, probably aren't drug testing you in the first place.
So, can you? I can tell you that as of 2013, in the State of MA, you can. I don't know if laws regarding this, have changed since then. I'm no longer an employer.
Will you? It depends on the co, and your value to the co. They don't have to terminate you. So, you would have to assess that.
Funny fact, as an employer, I am (was) not allowed, to ask if a worker's papers were forged. Technically, illegal to do so. And I got handed a passport one time, filled out with crayon. Crayon. I only hired legal people, not on a moral basis, but legal. I've seen lawsuits. I want no part in one.
I could refuse the paperwork, and note that I thought it was fake. But I am not allowed to talk to him/her about any of it. We have to pretend it's not there.
However, I used the same logic.....pretend something isn't happening, even though it is. And I used that, to pretend not to ask them about the documents. Then, I used my ability to speak some latin languages, to figure out where these documents were forged, shook my way up the tree, and I now have several identities and passports for me and the wife...and the dog. In case stuff gets weird.